I-BBTVI-150C : I-cylindrical pressure tank yokugcina kanye nesimo sokugcina sesiphuzo se-carbonated ngaphambi kokufaka ibhodlela, mpo, i-insulated, 150/177L, 0.5/1.5/3.0bar

Ithangi lokugcina eliyisilinda lomsebenzi wokugcina ngesiphuzo esihlanziwe (elibizwa nangokuthi ithangi lokuphakela, ithangi lokugcwalisa, ithangi lensiza, ithangi lokugcina, BBT – Bright beer tank) onokwakhiwa okuqondile kanye nejakhethi yensimbi e-insulated kabili. Umkhumbi upholisa ngamanzi eqhwa noma i-glycol ejikeleza eziteshini zokupholisa ngaphakathi kwejazi lokupholisa. Ithangi linomthamo osebenzisekayo ongu-150 amalitha kanye nevolumu yawo wonke angu-177 amalitha. Le mishini yobungcweti iklanyelwe ukugcinwa kwe-isobaric, ukukhonza, i-carbonization, ukuhlungwa kukabhiya, i-cider, iwayini, ama-lemonade nezinye iziphuzo ezifanayo ngaphansi kwengcindezi, kanye nokulungiselela iziphuzo ngaphambi kokugcwaliswa kwazo kumakegi noma amabhodlela. Umkhumbi utholakala ngezinhlobonhlobo eziningana, wenziwe ngensimbi yokudla engagqwali i-DIN 1.4301 (AISI 304). Umkhumbi ukhiqizwa uqukethe izilinganiso ezijwayelekile kanye nezinto zokusebenza, noma ngokuya ngezidingo zekhasimende ngalinye. Ithangi livamise ukutholakala ngezinguqulo eziningana (ubukhulu bokuzikhethela, isigaba sekhwalithi, ukucindezela okukhulu). Idizayini yakudala, ukwahlukanisa kwe-PUR, ibhantshi lensimbi engagqwali ekabili, izikopi zokupholisa zamanzi (noma i-glycol). Isitifiketi se-PED (uyazikhethela futhi i-GUM, i-GOST). Ithangi lonke kufaka phakathi izingxenye zalo zenziwa e-European Union.

Ithangi lokucindezela lakhiwe ngokugcwele ngokuvumelana ne-European Standards EN 13445 kanye ne-PED 2014/68/EU.Isitifiketi se-PED (nawo wonke amadokhumenti ahlobene nemishini yokucindezela ngokuvumelana ne-PED 2014/68/EU standard) ayifakiwe enanini ithangi kanye nokusebenzisa ithangi emazweni aseYurophu kuyadingeka ukwengeza into "Isitifiketi se-PED 2014/68/EU” . Zonke izingxenye zenziwa e-European Union.

Incazelo yobuchwepheshe yethangi lokugcina eliyicylindrical 150/177 amalitha

Umdwebo womhlangano wethangi lokugcina le-cylindrical (imodeli 2015 / SQ / ubukhulu obujwayelekile):

I-BBVI-150C - Imingcele yezobuchwepheshe

Inganekwane:

N / A = Ayitholakali

DC = Ukuhlanganiswa Kobisi I-DIN 11851, TC = I-TriClamp DIN 32676 (uhlobo lokuhlangana luye ngemfuneko yekhasimende)

I-PED = Isitifiketi semikhumbi yengcindezi edingekayo kuwo wonke amazwe e-EU - the Isiqondisi se-EU PED 2014/68 / EU Equipment Equipment

Umenzi unelungelo lokushintsha amapharamitha ngokuya ngokutholakala kwamanje kwezinto nezinto ezifakiwe. Ikhasimende lizohlala lithola umdwebo wethu wokukhiqiza ukuze uvunyelwe ngaphambi kokwenza ithangi eli-odiwe.

Imishini ejwayelekile - incazelo

• I-valve yokucindezela eguquguqukayo - Indlela yokusetha i-overpressure ene-glycerine manometer (ibanga elijwayelekile ukusuka 0 bar kuya ku 3 bar ) - okudingekayo ekugcineni ubhiya ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngesikhathi sakho konke ukusebenza ngethangi
• Iziteshi zokupholisa - ama-duplicators wokujikeleza kokupholisayo ebhantshini lokupholisa (okukodwa, okubili noma okungaphezulu ngohlobo lwethangi)
• Ukufakwa kwe-PUR - Ukufakwa kwe-polyurethane ngosayizi ngokosayizi wethangi nendawo ezihlosiwe (ejwayelekile = 50mm)
• Ijacket engaphandle yethangi lensimbi engagqwali - Uhlobo lokuqedwa kobuso (okujwayelekile = okugayiwe) okukhethwe yikhasimende.
• Ukuqina kwangaphakathi okuqinisekisiwe : Ra <0.8 μm noma ngaphansi (izindawo ezigayiwe) / Ra <0.5 μm noma ngaphansi (izindawo ezipholishiwe)
• Umnyango wenkonzo (manhole) ngaphansi kwe-arched engaphezulu noma esizeni engxenyeni yesilinda, ngokuya ngezidingo zekhasimende (SQ = vula ngaphakathi / HQ = vula ngaphandle)
• Ukugcwalisa / ukuchitha izikhali ezansi - Ipayipi lokungena / lokuphuma eline-valve uvemvane lokugcwalisa ithangi, ukukhipha imvubelo nokukhipha okuqukethwe okugcwele kwethangi
• Ukuhlanza ibhola-eshaweni - I-CIP sanitizing ball-shower (SQ = statical / HQ = rotational) - PC eyodwa noma ngaphezulu
• Ipayipi lokuthuthwa kwendle - ipayipi le-multifunction eline-valve yebhola yokuxhuma i-sprayball, isiteshi se-CIP (ukuhlanza, ukuhlanza), i-valve yokucindezela eguquguqukayo ene-manometer, i-CO2 inlet
• Isampula valve - iqhude lesampula elihlanzekile nelingahlanzeki lamasampula womkhiqizo wokuqoqa
• I-valve yokuphepha - ukucindezelwa okusebenza kabili (okujwayelekile = 3.2 ibha) nokuvikelwa kwe-vaccum (0.2 bar) i-valve yokuphepha - inguqulo yethangi kuphela
• I-valve yokukhipha umoya - I-valve ezinikele yokukhishwa kwethangi ngokuphepha kanye nokulinganisa okunembile kwengcindezi ethangini nge-manometer (lapho ishawa yebhola yokugeza ivinjwe ngegwebu)
• Isokhethi ye-thermometer - Isokhethi eshiselwe ukufaka i-thermosensor noma i-thermometer (eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ngokuya ngohlobo lwethangi)
• I-Manometer - Ifakiwe kusethi ye-valve yengcindezi eguquguqukayo. Yenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, ine-glycerine ngaphakathi.
• Ukugcwalisa inkomba yezinga - Ipayipi lengilazi elihlanzekayo nelihlanzekile ukuze kubonwe izinga lomkhiqizo ethangini (SQ = fixed / HQ = ekhiphekayo)
• Amahinji okuthutha - izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe zensimbi zokuthutha ukuphepha kwethangi nge-crane noma ngemfoloko
• Izinyawo ezilungiswayo - Imilenze emi-3 noma emi-4 enezinyawo zenjoloba ukuze kulungiswe kahle ithangi endaweni engalingani
• Thayipha ilebula - ilebula lensimbi elinayo yonke imingcele edingekayo kwi-European Union yemikhumbi yengcindezi
• PED 2014/68/EU - isitifiketi - isitifiketi saseYurophu somcibisholo wokucindezela ngokweqile + wokugcina umlando womkhumbi wengcindezi

Imishini yokuzikhethela - incazelo

• I-valve yokucindezela eguquguqukayo ene-manometer kanye nelokhi yokuvutshelwa - Izikhali ezikhethekile eziklanyelwe ikakhulukazi ukuvutshelwa okulawulwayo kanye nokuvuthwa kukabhiya (noma iwayini le-sparkline noma i-cider) ngaphansi kwengcindezi enembile.
• Isihlukanisi semvubelo ene-sedimented - ipayipi elifushane elikhethekile elikhiphekayo elenzelwe ukuhlukaniswa kalula kwemvubelo ngaphansi komkhiqizo ocacile ngaphezu kwesendlalelo semvubelo
• Iminyango Special - manholes - umgodi wesiza sesibili, umgodi onengilazi yokubona, umgodi onomnyango wengilazi
• Izikhukhula zebhola ezikhethekile zokuhlanza - ukujikeleza, ukushaya kwenhliziyo noma enye imishini yokuhlanza ekhethekile yokuhlanza ngempumelelo ithangi
• Uhlangothi noma ingalo ephezulu yendawo yonke - Isikhali esetshenziswa kabanzi semvelo yonke ukuxhumeka kwemishini ye-flotation, itshe le-carbonization noma i-hop extractor ye- dry hopping.
• Isikali senkomba yezinga lokugcwalisa - isikali selitha kusembozo senkomba yezinga lokugcwalisa yokubona umthamo wamanje womkhiqizo ethangini
• Isikali se-valve yengcindezi eguquguqukayo - isikali sebha esikulungeni se-valve esishintshayo esikhombisayo esikhomba ingcindezi edingekayo ethangini (i-manometer ikhombisa ingcindezi yamanje)
• Izilinganiso zokushisa nezingxenye zomthethonqubo - siletha izinhlobo eziningana zama-thermosensor, ama-thermometer nezinhlelo zokulawula ukushisa ezihlome ngokuphelele kumathangi ethu
  • I-thermometer, ama-thermocouples, ama-thermoregulators - Izinhlobo eziningi zokufakwa ngqo ethangi noma odongeni
  • Ama-valve wokulawula okuzenzakalelayo we-thermo wokulawula ukugeleza okupholisayo eziteshini zokupholisa
  • Kusilawuli se-thermo yethangi - Ukukala nokulawulwa kwamazinga okushisa kusilawuli sokushisa esizinikele esibekwe ngqo ethangini ngalinye
  • Ibhokisi lokulawula elisodongeni - ngokulinganisa kanye nezinga lokushisa lokulawula emathangini amaningi avela kukhabhinethi evamile yokushintsha ibhodi
  • Isilinganiso sokushisa kwamathangi okuzenzakalelayo nesistimu yokulawula - Ukulawulwa okuzenzakalelayo kwenqubo egcwele yokuvutshelwa nokuvuthwa
• Itshe le-Carbonization - itshe elikhethekile le-porous lokwenza i-carbonization yeziphuzo ezivela kumabhodlela e-CO2
• Isitha - Ukusebenza okulula ngama-manholes nezinye izesekeli ezingenhla zamathangi
• Umkhiqizo wamathangi wokugcwalisa ihabhu - ithuluzi elikhethekile lokugcwalisa kalula umkhiqizo (njenge-wort wort, i-cider kumele) ethangini lokuvutshelwa
• Imishini eshukumisayo - Ukuvuselela okuqukethwe kwethangi, Kubekwe ohlangothini lwegobolondo lethangi
• Okunye ukwenza ngokwezifiso kwetangi - ngokuya ngezidingo zamakhasimende - ubukhulu obungalingani, izingalo ezikhethekile, indawo ekhethekile nokwakhiwa kwethangi njll.

I. Izilinganiso zosayizi ezingaba khona zamathangi okugcina ubhiya omsulwa BBTVI-150 amalitha :

Sikhiqiza amathangi okuvuthwa kabhiya kanye namathangi okugcina ubhiya omsulwa onomthamo wamalitha angama-150 emigqeni emihlanu yokukhiqiza ngokuya ngesilinganiso sobude nobubanzi besiqukathi. Kuyinzuzo kumakhasimende, ngoba ubukhulu obuguquguqukayo bamathangi ngokuvamile budingeka ukuze buvumelane nezimo ezilinganiselwe zesikhala. Izinhlobonhlobo zobukhulu obunokwenzeka :

Kule eshop sichaza kuphela okuhlukile okujwayelekile kwethangi lokugcina ubhiya omsulwa onomthamo owusizo 150 amalitha. Uma ufuna okunye okuhlukile, sithumele isicelo sakho futhi sizokuthumelela ikhotheshini ngayinye yethangi.

Izinguquko zethangi lokugcina eliyicylindrical BBTVI-150 amalitha ngokuya ngomkhawulo walo wokucindezela ngokweqile:

• Isitsha esiyisilinda esinengcindezi emaphakathi Ama-150 amalitha - I-overpressure ephezulu etholakalayo yi-3.0 bar, ifaka isitifiketi se-PED semikhumbi yokucindezela - isitsha singasetshenziswa njenge-pressure ithangi likabhiya elikhanyayo ngokuthinta iziphuzo zibe ama-kegs noma amabhodlela, ukuhlunga nokubhala ubhiya noma i-cider nge-manual noma i-othomathikhi yokugcwalisa.
• Umkhumbi we-high-pressure cylindrical 150 amalitha - Singakwazi futhi ukukhiqiza ithangi elifakwe amavalvu okucindezela okungaphezu kuka-3.0 bar - sizolungiselela umnikelo ngamunye wezinhlobonhlobo ezikhethekile zethangi.

Ukuhlukahluka kwethangi lokugcina le-cylindrical BBTVI-150 amalitha ngokuya ngekhwalithi yayo kanye nemishini:

Ngokwezidingo zekhwalithi kanye namathuba ezezimali amakhasimende sibona amathangi kabhiya agqamile anezigaba ezintathu zekhwalithi nemishini:

• HQ - Ikhwalithi ephezulu - Ukwenziwa kwekhwalithi ephezulu kwazo zonke izingxenye, amalunga ashiselwe kanye nendawo. Ubuso bangaphakathi bunokuqina okuqinisekisiwe iRa <0.5 μm – design ecwebezelayo. Ingaphandle lihlangene. Zonke izikhali ezisebenzayo nokufakwa okunomthelela ekuthembekeni nasekuphepheni kwemikhiqizo kwenziwa e-Europe noma e-USA. Imishini kanokusho amathangi. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ukongiwa kwezixazululo zokuhlanza, amanzi namandla, ukunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kweziphuzo, isikhathi esifushane somsebenzi, ukuncishiswa kwezindleko zokukhiqiza. Iwaranti yeminyaka emithathu yezingxenye eziyinhloko zensimbi engagqwali kanye nokokufakwayo. Isigaba sekhwalithi samakhasimende afuna kakhulu.
• SQ - Ikhwalithi ejwayelekile - Ukwenziwa kwekhwalithi esezingeni lazo zonke izingxenye, amalunga ashiselwe kanye nendawo. Zonke izikhali zokusebenza nokufakwa okunomthelela ekwethembekeni nasekuphepheni kwemikhiqizo kuthengwa kubahlinzeki abavunyelwe abavela eYurophu noma e-USA. Ukuhlolwa kwawo wonke ama-welds abucayi namalunga. Ubuso bangaphakathi bunokuqina okuqinisekisiwe iRa <0.8μm - design egayiwe. Imishini ejwayelekile yemikhumbi, isethi evamile yokufakwa. Amathangi akulesi sigaba sekhwalithi ahambisana nayo yonke imithetho yaseYurophu yemikhumbi yokucindezela kanye nezitshalo zokucubungula ukudla. Iwaranti yeminyaka emibili yezingxenye eziyinhloko zensimbi engagqwali, iminyaka emibili yokufakwayo. Iwukuhlukahluka kwekhwalithi okuvame uku-odwa kakhulu kumakhasimende ethu.
• I-LQ - Ikhwalithi ephansi - Ukwenziwa kwekhwalithi ephansi yazo zonke izingxenye, amajoyinti ashiselwe kanye nezindawo. Iningi lezikhali ezisebenzayo nokufakwayo zithengwa kubahlinzeki abagunyaziwe abavela e-Asia. Indawo engaphakathi nengaphandle ayihlanganisiwe. Akuqinisekisiwe ubuhwaba obungaphezulu ngaphakathi kweziqukathi. Lesi sixazululo siyathakazelisa kuphela ngokuqala amafektri amancane ngoba kusindisa izindleko zokutshala imali. Ngeshwa, lokhu kuletha izindleko eziphezulu zokukhiqiza isiphuzo. Isikhathi eside sokukhucululwa kwendle, ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwekhambi le-sanitizing, amandla, abasebenzi namanzi ashisayo. Ukulahlekelwa okuphezulu kweziphuzo ezikhiqizwayo. Asinikezi lesi sigaba sekhwalithi semikhiqizo yethu, ngoba okokusebenza okunesigaba sekhwalithi ye-LQ akuhambelani nemithetho yaseYurophu yemikhumbi yokucindezela kanye nezitshalo zokucubungula ukudla. Kuyikhwalithi yamathangi abakhiqizi bomhlaba abashibhile bamathangi.

Isimemezelo sekhwalithi yethu: Kungani kufanele uthenge lolu hlobo lwethangi kithi nje?

1. Siklama, sakha, sishisela, sikhweza futhi sivivinye yonke imikhumbi (ngaphandle kwemikhumbi engacindezeli) ngokuya ngamazinga aqinile aseYurophu nemihlahlandlela yemikhumbi yengcindezi (Isiqondisi se-EU PED 2014/68 / EU Equipment Equipment). Ie:
   • Umkhumbi ngamunye wokucindezela uqukethe i-valve yokungenisa umoya esebenza kabili (evimbela ukucindezelwa okungaphezulu noma ukuqhuma kwethangi ngesikhathi ishaja/iphuma)
   • Umkhumbi ngamunye we-pressure uqukethe ne-valve yokuphepha yokucindezela ngokweqile okuzimele (ivimbela ukucindezela okuyingozi kakhulu komkhumbi kanye nokuqhuma okulandelayo ngesikhathi sokungasebenzi kahle noma ukuntuleka komthamo okwanele we-valve ye-air vent esebenza kabili)
   • Isitsha ngasinye sengcindezi sakhiwe ngumklami oqinisekisiwe ofanelekela ukuklanywa nokubalwa kwemikhumbi yengcindezi.
   • Amadokhumenti okukhiqiza omkhumbi ngamunye wengcindezi oqukethe ukubala amandla amile, incazelo eqondile yenqubo yokukhiqiza efanele, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezidingekayo zokushisela, ukushuba kwezinto, izixazululo zamaphuzu abalulekile.
   • Yonke imikhumbi yengcindezi eyenziwayo ivivinywa kanzima ukuqina nokuqina kwensimbi, kusetshenziswa uketshezi olukhethekile oluthola noma yikuphi ukuvuza okungafuneki, izimbotshana noma imifantu emincane = Ukuhlolwa Kokungena
   • Imikhumbi yengcindezi ivivinywa ngokweqile okungenani ibha engu-1 ephakeme ukwedlula ukucindezelwa ngokweqile, lapho iziqukathi ziqinisekisiwe khona.
   • Iphrothokholi yokuhlolwa kokuqina nokucindezela kanye nesimemezelo se-EU sokuhambisana kukhishwa kuyo yonke imikhumbi yengcindezi. Siphinde sinamathisele iDokhumenti yomlando wethangi lokucindezela., Ngokwesicelo sekhasimende.
   • Izinqubo zokukhiqiza, imidwebo yokuklama, ukukhiqiza, ukuqina nokuhlolwa kwengcindezi kuqondiswa umhloli we-TÜV SÜD Czech noma enye inkampani eqinisekisiwe, ehlinzeka ngokulawula izinga kanye nokuhambisana nezindinganiso zaseYurophu.
   • Umkhumbi ngamunye wokucindezela uqukethe i-nameplate engenakucimeka enegama eliyisibopho lomkhiqizi, ingcindezi yokugcina noma enye idatha ekhomba ngokukhethekile umkhumbi wengcindezi kakhonkolo ngokuhambisana ne-EU PED 2014/68/EU
2. Sikhiqiza iziqukathi zokudla ezisuselwa kunsimbi engagqwali yokudla ehambisana ngokuphelele ne- Ukulawulwa kwePhalamende laseYurophu kanye noMthethonqubo Womkhandlu EC no. 1935/2004. Lezi zinto azizidedeli izakhi zazo ekudleni ngobuningi obungabeka impilo yabantu engcupheni noma zilethe izinguquko ezingamukeleki ekwakhekeni kokudla noma ukuwohloka kwezimpawu zazo ze-organoleptic kanye nemizwa ekuxhumaneni nokudla ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile noma ezibonakalayo. Asisebenzisi insimbi engagqwali eshibhile enekhwalithi ephansi, ezolahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala nokungasebenzi ekudleni, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuthintana kaningi nezixazululo ngesikhathi sokuhlanza nokuhlanzeka kwenqubo.
3. Sibheke abahlinzeki bezinto zokwakha nezokufaka nezinto esikhiqiza kuzo imishini yokukhiqiza ukudla nokuphatha. Asithengi noma yini evela kwabangenisi abangakwazi ukufakazela imvelaphi nezimpawu zayo zaseYurophu.
4. Wonke amathangi, esiwaklama ukuvuthwa, ukuvuthwa nokugcinwa kweziphuzo, anezilinganiso ezilungiselelwe izinqubo zokuvuthwa, inqubo yokuvuthwa, i-carbonation, eyenziwa ngokuhambisana nezindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza iziphuzo. Asilokothi sinqume ubukhulu bamathangi kuphela ngesilinganiso .
5. Wonke amathangi enziwe ngesigaba sekhwalithi ye-SQ/HQ, akhiqizwa ngobulukhuni bangaphakathi obuqinisekisiwe be-Ra < 0.8 microns noma ngaphansi, okuyindinganiso yaseYurophu enqunyiwe yobulukhuni bendawo yangaphakathi yamathangi ahlangana nokudla kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle. izixazululo ze-alkali ne-asidi. Ukuqina okuqinisekisiwe kwendawo yangaphakathi yomkhumbi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhlanza okuphelele nokuthuthwa kwendle. Lokhu kuyisidingo esibalulekile sokuzuza ubumsulwa kanye nobunyumba bempahla yokukhiqiza ukudla. Senza ngokuphindaphindiwe izilinganiso zazo zonke izindawo zangaphakathi zamathangi ngemitha ekhethekile ye-roughness TR-130 phakathi nayo yonke inqubo yawo yokukhiqiza. Sipholisha indawo engaphakathi yethangi kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa khona ubuhwaba obufunayo.
6. Isitsha ngasinye sakhiwe futhi senziwa ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuhlanzwa nokuhlanzwa kalula kwazo zonke izindawo ezihlangana nokudla. Ngakho-ke, le mikhumbi ifakwe okungenani ishawa eyodwa yokulahlwa kwendle, izinkomba zokugcwalisa ezisusekayo nezingahlanzeka nezikhukhukazi zesampula. Asisebenzisi noma yiziphi izikhali ezishibhile, umenzi wazo ahluleke ngazo ukuklama nokuhlanzeka.
7. Amathangi anendawo engaphandle ehlangene. Wonke amalunga amashidi angaphandle (ubukhulu okungenani obungu-2 mm) ahlanganiswe noma avaliwe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungena komswakama ku-double casing, ukuthambisa izinto zokuvikela kanye nokulahlekelwa ikhono lokuvikela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa izinga elingaguquki kanye namandla okuvikela amathangi. Eziqukathi zekhwalithi ye-SQ amashidi angaphandle avame ukuvuthwa futhi anogqinsi okungenani elingu-1 mm.
8. Sihlukanisa yonke imikhumbi yengcindezi ngekhwalithi ye-PUR foam. Igwebu le-polyuretan elivikela ubungcweti lisetshenziswa ngokufanele esikhaleni esivikela amathangi ukuze kugwenywe ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho ashisayo, isikhala esingenalutho esingenalutho noma ukusonteka kwamathangi. Asisebenzisi okunye okushibhile okusebenzayo okusetshenziswayo ukwahlukaniswa kwamathangi njengokuvikela uvolo, ubuhlalu be-polystyrene, igwebu elingafakwanga kahle.
9. Amamitha wemibhobho, ama-valve namapayipi akalwa kahle ngokuya ngevolumu nomsebenzi womkhumbi - asikhuphuli izinto ezisebenza ngamandla angaphansi kwamathangi.
10. Iwaranti yamathangi akhiqizwe e-HQ yizinyanga ezingama-36. Iwaranti ethangini ngekhwalithi ye-SQ yizinyanga ezingama-24. Ukuphila okungokoqobo kwamathangi kuvame ukuba amashumi ambalwa eminyaka, kuyilapho izakhi ezinesikhathi esiphansi sokuphila (amavalvu, izigxivizo, njll.) ngokuvamile zingashintshwa kalula kufakwe izici ezintsha ezimisiwe ezifanayo noma omunye umenzi.